Arguments on Social Justice 　　WANG Hai-ming 　　( Philosophy Department,Peking University,Beijing 100871)

　　作者简介：王海明，北京大学 哲学系，北京 100871 　　王海明(1950-)，男，吉林白城人，北京大学哲学系教授。

　　内容提要：只有贡献论才是社会公正理论之真理，而其他社会公正理论皆为谬误。但这些错误的社会公正理论，没有一种是完全错误的。因为不论哪一种，不论如何错误，却毕竟都确立了某种正确的社会公正原则。只不过，这些正确原则或者无不属于贡献原则，或者无不可以从贡献原则推导出来。首先，平等主义所主张的正确的社会公正原则最多，如基本权利完全平等与非基本权利比例平等以及机会平等和结果平等(政治平等和经济平等)诸原则。这些原则在平等主义论者那里虽然并非皆由贡献原则推导出来，却都能够从贡献原则推导出来，因而都可以属于贡献原则范畴。其次，需要论所主张的正确社会公正原则最少，只有一条，亦即按基本需要分配人权原则：这一条原则实际上乃是按照每个人同样缔结社会的贡献分配人权，因而属于贡献原则范畴。最后，自由公正论所主张的正确的社会公正原则是两个平等原则——基本权利完全平等与非基本权利比例平等——因而也可以属于贡献原则范畴。所以，贡献论囊括了全部正确的社会公正原则，因而堪称社会公正理论之全面真理。

　　Only the theory of contribution is the truth among the theories of social justice; all other theories are wrong.However,none of them is completely wrong,for whatever wrong theory it is and no matter how wrong it is,it adapts certain principle in social justice that belongs to the theory of contribution or is deducted from it.Firstly,the equalism has the most principles on social justice,e.g.the basic rights are completely equal,the non-basic rights are equal in portion,and the equal in chance and consequence( equal in politics and economy) .Though these principles in the eyes of the equalists are not all deducted from the theory of contribution,they can be deducted from the theory of contribution and thus they belong to the category of contribution theory.Secondly,the theory of needs has the fewest principle; the only one principle in it is to distribute human right according to the basic needs.However,the nature of this principle is to distribute human rights according to the contribution to society,thus it also belongs to the category of the contribution theory.Lastly,the right principles of social justice by the theory of free justice are two equal principles,i.e.the complete equal in basic right and the non-basic rights are equal in portion; they belong to the category of contribution theory,either.Therefore,the theory of contribution includes all the right principles of social justice and is the truth of social justice.

　　关键词：贡献/索取/权利/义务/仁爱原则/公正原则/自由原则 　　contribution/demand/right/duty/principle of kindheartedness/principle of justice/principle of freedom

　　社会对于每个人权利与义务的分配究竟如何才是公正的？这不但是社会公正的根本问题，而且是伦理学、政治哲学、法哲学和经济哲学最根本的跨学科难题。围绕这个难题，从柏拉图和亚里士多德到罗尔斯和诺齐克，一直争论不休。这些争论，在范伯格看来，可以归结为五种原则理论：“这些原则是：(1)完全平等原则；(2)需要原则；(3)德才和成绩原则；(4)贡献(或应得回报)原则；(5)努力(或劳动)原则。”[1] (P109)其实，这五种原则理论可以归结为“平等论或平等主义”、“需要论”、“品德论”、“才能论”和“贡献论”。因为一方面，“成绩”无疑属于贡献，所以“德才与成绩原则”实为品德原则、才能原则、贡献原则。另一方面，“努力”显然与“勤奋”、“懒惰”一样，属于“品德”范畴：努力是一种与贡献的关系最为密切的品德。所以，按努力分配便是按一种与贡献的关系最为密切的品德分配，是一种特殊的按品德分配，因而完全属于品德原则。